multiple sclerosis :: essays research papers

Multiple Sclerosis My aunt has had Multiple Sclerosis for about 11 years now. She started showing symptoms when she was 27. I remember the day that I walked into my parent’s room to find my mom on the phone crying. I stayed to listen to the conversation and when she was off the phone she told me what was going on. All I could do at that point was remember all of the times we went on bike rides and had a lot of fun. It was a really bad feeling knowing that we would never have the chance to do any of that again. It was really hard for my uncle to handle and I am sure it still is, but when ever I go over they’re house everyone is cheerful and easy to talk to. Whenever I get the chance I talk to my aunt and she is still very intelligent and fun to hold a conversation with. So if you ever see a person with a disease, do not be afraid to talk to them for they are very wise. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, often disabling disease that randomly attacks the central nervous system. Specific symptoms of the disease can not be predicted. The symptoms may range from tingling and numbness to paralysis and blindness. MS is a devastating disease because people live with its unpredictable physical and emotional effects for the rest of their lives. My aunt has to be feed, bathed; she cannot do anything for herself. MS is a well-known disease, but poorly understood. In the United States there are about 200 new cases diagnosed each week. MS is a common disease and not always caused by genetics. Therefore, I feel we all need to have a better understanding of this disease that has no cure yet. My aunt has been in my prayers and many other peoples for a long time. I just want to see her get rid of the nasty disease. I hope to make MS more understanding in my paper. In my paper I will explain what MS is, who gets MS, what MS has to do with the metabolism, what some of the symptoms of MS are, and some treatments for MS. Multiple sclerosis is a progressive disabling illness that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. â€Å"Under normal conditions these nerve cells are surrounded by an insulating sheath made of fatty myelin, which speeds the passage of nerve impulses.

Act 2 Scene II starts with Lady Macbeth Essay

Act 2 Scene II starts with Lady Macbeth waiting for Macbeth to come and tell her that he has killed King Duncan. Macbeth brings the daggers that he used during the murder down with him when he meets up with Lady Macbeth, she notices how bad this is and takes the daggers off Macbeth to go and place at the murder scene of Duncan. A lot of action happens in this scene and it is an important scene because it creates a high amount of dramatic tension and anticipation for the audience that is carried through the rest of the play. Shakespeare uses a number of different techniques to create the feeling of tension and anticipation in the audience watching the play. The first example of how tension and anticipation is created can be found right at the start of scene. Lady Macbeth is in the courtyard listening hard for sounds of the murder taking place. She is very excited and this excitement is transferred to the audience. Act 2 Scene II opens with Lady Macbeth’s soliloquy as she waits to discover if Macbeth has murdered Duncan: â€Å"That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold†. (2.2.1-2) Lady Macbeth here reveals her need for ‘Dutch courage’ and the tension of the scene is developed as she delivers her soliloquy. We see Lady Macbeth in a highly nervous state as she jumps at the shriek of an owl. People at that time believed that a shriek of an owl meant that someone was going to die. Lady Macbeth has told the audience she is feeling very excited and bold because she has drunk some wine, and they are then wondering what she is going to do because she is feeling bold. This results in a high feeling of anticipation. Straight after this Lady Macbeth thinks she hears something: â€Å"Hark! Peace! It was the owl that shriek’d, the fatal bellman Which gives the stern’st good night. He is about it†(2.2.2-4) Dramatic tension is created right away by the first two words. Lady Macbeth tells the audience that she thinks that she has heard something and tells them to listen carefully. Using monosyllabic instructions makes the audience experience the same as Lady Macbeth and dramatic tension is created because everyone is listening for something but they don’t know what. The shriek of an owl in those times meant someone was going to die so this brought a lot of anticipation into the crowd because they are wondering who is going to die and why the is person going to die. Symbolism is then used by Shakespeare to increase the dramatic tension within the audience. Shakespeare has linked an owl to the bellman. The bellman would have sounded the bell at the door of a prisoner who was to be executed, and by linking the sound of the an owl shrieking, which was believed to represent the death of a person, to the bellman Shakespeare has created a feeling that death has occurred or is about to occur. Lady Macbeth believes that the king has been made murdered but does not yet know for sure. Also the anticipation has been made higher because Shakespeare has used symbolism that the audience would have understood, as it was common to relate to death when you heard the shriek of an owl and the audience would have been anticipating who was murdered or who was going to be murdered. Another example of how dramatic tension is created by Shakespeare is through referring to things that happen of the stage. Lady Macbeth has drugged the grooms and she thinks that they might have woken up because she hears Macbeth say: â€Å"Who’s there? What, ho!†(2.2.8) Because Lady Macbeth thinks that something has gone wrong tension is created because we wonder what will happen next. Will they be caught or not? The audience will want to know what happened so they will become involved in the play and will look forward to learning what really did happen. Shakespeare also poses a lot of questions during this scene for the audience to answer themselves. This gets the audience more active in the play and creates anticipation because the audience want to know if they answered the questions correctly: â€Å"I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise?† (2.2.14-15) This creates a lot of anticipation because the audience are wondering ‘what if someone did hear a noise, what would happen to Macbeth’. The questions Shakespeare uses during the play are very significant because these create a lot of anticipation with in the audience and the play. During ‘Macbeth’ sound effects create tension during the scene where Lady Macbeth says: â€Å"A little water clears us of this deed† (2.2.67) Knocking at the castle door that shows that they could have been caught washing the blood from their hands at anytime during the scene that brings in the tension and a lot of anticipation to the audience. This creates tension because the audience are wondering what will happen to them if they get caught. Halfway through Act 2 Scene II after Macbeth has murdered Duncan It becomes very obvious that he regrets what he has done. This also brings a lot of tension into the play. This is how he shows his regret: â€Å"To know my deed, ’twere best not know myself, Wake Duncan with thy knocking, I would thou couldst†. (2.2.70-71) This shows regret for what he has done. It shows that Macbeth was only thinking of his actions when carrying out the deed. This creates tension as to whether or not Macbeth is in a stable or unstable state of mind because he can’t live with himself for murdering his own flesh and blood. After the monosyllabic speech between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth there is something suspicious that builds up anticipation and tension: â€Å"But wherefore could not I pronounce Amen† (2.2.27-28) This shows that he was upset because he thought about murdering Duncan. Macbeth says that he could not say Amen when the guards said it. This shows that he has upset the natural order. It also shows that he has been taken over the devil. When people hear this they fear the worst because it is producing very high anticipation. This is suspicious because the audience are wondering what is wrong with Macbeth? Has he been taken over by the devil? Throughout Act 2 Scene II Shakespeare creates tension by using the present tense when he describes something in the play. For example he uses present tense when Lady Macbeth is imagining what Macbeth is doing step by step while murdering Duncan. Throughout the play of ‘Macbeth’, Shakespeare creates tension and anticipation in many different ways. Each method is unique in it’s own way and works wonders for the play. Every part in Act 2 Scene II Shakespeare has tension and this builds up the anticipation throughout the play. At the start of Act 2 Scene II tension starts to build and this tension increases during every scene.

Fire Safety in Buildings Essay Example

Fire Safety in Buildings Essay Example Fire Safety in Buildings Essay Fire Safety in Buildings Essay Essay Topic: To Build a Fire Fire Safety in Buildings Name: Lecturer: Course: : Date: Fire Safety in Buildings In today’s world, it is essential for people to take the necessary precautions to ensure that their safety is not compromised. Fire has been known to destroy a lot of property. In addition to that, many people have succumbed to fire so many times. This has made it top priority for fire safety regulations to be followed. Buildings should be protected most of all as people are always in them. They serve as homes, restaurants and living space for people. It is estimated that there are at least six fires in a week in the United States. With the number of fires in buildings, increasing every day, people need to be more careful. It is important that people take extra precautions to ensure that their lives are secure. This is why most buildings are fit with equipment that protects them from fires. There are sprinkler systems to fire extinguishers. All these things are meant to either slow down fire or completely put it out. It is also important to find ways to reduce fire occurrence . This is why a number of researchers that have written papers that talk about the safety measures of fires in buildings. ‘Smoke and fire in building Atria’ a paper written by Robert N. Meroney and David Banks, is about fire in building atria. The writers talk about how fire starts in atria and ways in which they can be contained. Atria are constructed in buildings to provide air and sunlight. Since these areas are in direct sunlight and climatic conditions, there is special need for them to look after carefully. The wind environment makes it particularly hard for fires to be controlled. This is because since the atrium is in an open area the environmental elements make it had to contain the fire. It is therefore important for fire protection engineers to find special ways to contain fires in this area. Using different buildings as the sample study, the authors were able to find how an atrium affects fire (Meroney Banks, 2004). A case study of a building atrium was made to show how fire spreads through a building using wind as a factor that helps it to spread. It was found that depending on the design of the atrium in a building, a fire could spread either too fast or slow. Enclosed empty spaces are considered as too restrictive when a fire occurs. Thus, it is advisable that newer models of atrium should be connected partially or fully to adjacent spaces. It ensures that there is less space for wind to enter the building and control the fire. The authors came up with a number of solutions to lessen fires that are caused by atria in buildings. For one it was not advisable for buildings to have simple zone models. It was found that these models impinged smoke on the ceiling and consequently produced wall jets that made fires spread more rapidly. Secondly, there should be a field modeling study that will ensure that incase of a fire the building will be secure. This is also done to ensure that smoke can be detected in a building faster thereby lowering the risk of a fire occurring. The study also highlighted the importance of a hybrid combination of physical, zone and field model. This ensures that a fire engineer has adequate knowledge of how to put out a fire in a building without the weather influencing this decision. Another study carried out by Francine Battaglia, Ronald Rehm, Howard Baum, Mohammed Hassan and Kozo Saito looked at the different paradigms of combustion. All of which are influenced by circulation flows. The study hoped to show how fire patterns are influenced by circulation of air. The study was purely theoretical with the researchers concentrating on the elements of fire. They looked at the gases that support combustion under a controlled environment. They wanted to learn more about the patterns of fire. They also wanted to find out how combustion is affected by different elements. The governing factors that they used are Froude, swirl and Reynolds’ numbers. Using these parameters, they were able to find how combustion takes place. From the study, they were able to examine the effect of a swirl on combustion-driven flows. They were able to find how much buoyancy is needed to make a fire burn. Several discrepancies on the length and mixing were cited in the paper and subsequent researches. This was because of experimental conditions that the study was based. Depending on the way in which the swirl is imposed on the flame brings these differences. The rotating device and its position to the flame is also of importance. After analyzing the fire whirls, it was found that there are certain conditions that a fire has to have for it to burn. It was found that there was a correlation between swirl and combustion. This study shed light to how boundary conditions play a major role in the behavior of a swirling flame. The experiment also addressed obvious gaps in parametric space unlike previous studies (Battaglia et. al., 2001). In the paper, ‘Thermal and Fluid dynamic structures of a Laboratory-scale fixed-frame fire-whirl, researchers Mohammed Hassan, Helali A. and Kozo Saito tried to explain fires even further. They felt that a fire whirl was very destructive during fires. Their study was purely based in the laboratory. They used the help of different apparatus in the laboratory so that the experiment did not go out of hand. Using different propane, JP-8 and diesel fuel burning separately, they were able to study how a fire whirl behaves in different conditions. The velocity of the fires changed with different conditions. From the experiment, they were able to calculate their findings numerically. They found out that there was a two-dimensional azimuthal velocity profiles. The type of fuel used is also of importance as fires burnt in different velocities. They were measured by PIV each at different heights. The fires all burned at different velocities when exposed to different conditions (Hassan et. al., 2001). The researchers also wrote a paper titled, ‘Propagation characteristics of flame spread over propanol, butanol and JP8.’ The study was to show how a flame spread over the three fuels would behave over different ranges of temperature and different amounts of fuel. The range of temperature was between eight to thirty degrees Celsius. The different amounts of fuel were between five to forty millimeters. The flame spread pattern in the tray that was wider tended to be more pulsating than the narrower trays. The narrower trays had a tendency of forming a pseudo-uniform, which meant that the tray width had a significant effect on the flame pattern. The flame of the JP8 fuel was found to be different from that of the other fuels in the study. It required higher ignition energy than those of the alcohols used in the study. JP8 fuel showed an unsteady mode of flame compared to the others (Hassan Saito, 2003). The experiment parameters are tray size, fuel chemical structure, and fuel ignition temperature and ignition source. The results from the alcohol-based fuels showed minor differences as compare to those of JP8. The tray’s size played a major role in the experiment. They found that detailed flow and temperature structure played an important role in how a flame reacts over fuel. They recommended that understanding how a fire spreads over a liquid fuel surface at certain conditions is important. ‘Flow Structure of a fixed frame type fire whirl’ was a study to find out how fire whirl reacts. The study was both experimental and numerical. The frame was made up of two cylinders placed in an off-center l0ocation. It was found that at different heights the fire whirl has a transient 2-D radial and a tangential velocity. The fire whirl creates its own unique tangential velocity and this in turn increases its radial flow to approximately three times its width. There was a qualitative agreement between the calculated and measured velocity. This means that the proposed model captured all the required characteristics (Hassan et. al., 2000). Reference Meroney R. N., Banks D. (2004). Smoke and fire in building Atria. Wind Effects on Buildings and Urban Environment. Battaglia F., Rehm R., Baum H., Hassan M., Saito K (November 11-16, 2001). Paradigms of combustion-driven Flows with circulation. Asme Publication Htd. Hassan, M. I., Helali, A., Saito, K. (January 01, 2001). Thermal and Fluid Dynamic Structures of a Laboratory-Scale Fixed-Frame Fire-Whirl. Asme Publications Htd, 4, 129-132. Hassan, M. I., Saito, K. (2003). Propagation characteristics of flame spread over propanol, butanol and JP8. Asme Publication. Hassan, M. I., Kuwana, K., Wang, F., Saito, K. (2000). Flow Structure of a Fixed-Frame Type Fire Whirl. University of Kentucky.